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]]>The Nobel Prize was established by Swedish inventor and businessman Alfred Nobel on 27 November 1895. Alfred Nobel had directed in his last will that his estate should be invested. The interest earned from this should be distributed as rewards among those individuals who have contributed to the physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, economics and benefited humankind.
The Nobel Prizes were established in 1895, but the first awards were given in 1901. You might be wondering why? Well, here’s the answer. Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896. His will was challenged by some relatives and authorities. It took four years to resolve legal and administrative issues before the first prize was awarded in 1901. Therefore, the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901. The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was added in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of X-rays. Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff received the first Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure. Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his work on serum therapy against diphtheria. Sully Prudhomme received the first Nobel Prize in Literature for his poetry.
Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy received the first Nobel Prize in peace. Henry was honored for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and build international understanding, and Passy for his lifelong dedication to promoting international peace. Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen received the first Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for developing and applying dynamic models to the analysis of economic processes.
Let us understand one by one-
1) John Clarke a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Michel H. Devoret a professor at Yale University and the University of California and John M. Martinis a professor at the university of California, are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. For their experiments demonstrating quantum mechanical tunneling and energy quantization in macroscopic electrical circuits.
Quantum physics is the study of microscopic particles such as electrons and quarks at the smallest scales. Quantum particles shows strange and unpredictable behavior that differs from the macroscopic level. The quantum world is very different, many quantum rules do not apply in the macroscopic level because their effects are averaged out by the vast number of particles.
Well, I’m not going to explain quantum physics. I’v already explained it in my previous article. If you’d like to learn more about this field, you can read my previous article.
The tunneling effect and energy quantization are microscopic phenomena, but this year’s Nobel laureates have shown that under specific conditions they are also possible at the macroscopic level too.
It is a phenomenon where a quantum particle, like an electron, can pass through a potential energy barrier that it does not have enough energy to overcome according to classical physics. This is possible because particles behave like waves as well.
It is the theory that energy in certain systems, can only exist in discrete, specific amounts called quanta, rather than a continuous range of values. In classical physics, a particle can possess any amount of energy. For example, a ball rolling down a ramp can have an infinite number of possible energies as it travels from the top to the bottom. In quantum mechanics, energy is like a staircase like a particle can only be on a specific step (energy level), and it can’t exist in between the steps.
2) Susumu Kitagawa (From Japan, a professor at Kyoto University), Richard Robson (from Australia, professor at the University of Melbourne) and Omar M. Yaghi (from the United States, professor at the University of California, Berkeley) have been awarded the Nobel Prize. They have been awarded for their work on developing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
These scientists have created a material – metal organic framework (MOFs). These are like sponges made of metal ions. The structure consists of metal ions linked by organic molecules, forming a porous crystalline material with large internal cavities. This means that these MOFs have huge internal surface areas that can trap and store other molecules inside their tiny pores.
This work is useful because it allows scientists to design materials for specific purposes, such as: this can be used to extract water from dry air, which is especially useful in desert regions. Storing gas for clean fuels like hydrogen. Capturing carbon dioxide, to help combat climate change. Filtering and purifying water to make clean water more accessible. Moreover, this can be designed to remove toxic pollutants from water and air. They can separate specific substances, such as rare-earth elements from waste or ethylene gas from fruit to slow ripening.
3) Maria Corina Machado was awarded this year’s Nobel Peace Prize. She is a Venezuelan politician and pro-democracy activist.
She helped unite the opposition in Venezuela and advocated “vote instead of bullet”, promoting peaceful civic participation. Moreover, She was in danger, but she remained in Venezuela to continue her work. This was a commendable move.
For her promotion of democratic rights in Venezuela and his struggle for a peaceful transition from authoritarian rule to democracy. The committee praised her as a “courageous and committed champion of peace” who has inspired millions. The committee praised her as a “courageous and committed champion of peace” who has inspired millions.
4) Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi received the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. For their discoveries regarding regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 gene, which are crucial for preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues.
Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell are from the United States, while Shimon Sakaguchi is from Japan. Brunkow is associated with the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, and Ramsdell with Sonoma Biotherapeutics in San Francisco. Sakaguchi is from Osaka University in Japan.
In 1995, Shimon Sakaguchi identified a new class of T cells, called regulatory T cells (Tregs). T cells (Tregs) are immune cells that prevent the immune system from attacking the body’s own cells.
Mary E. Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell independently identified the Foxp3 gene in 2001. They discovered that mutations in this gene caused the autoimmune disease in mice and its human equivalent, IPEX syndrome. This work was crucial in confirming that the Foxp3 gene is critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which maintain immune tolerance.
5) Hungarian writer and novelist Laszlo Krasznahorkai received the Nobel Prize in Literature
The main reason they received the award is that they were able to show how art can survive and provide meaning even in the face of apocalyptic terror. His work is known for its long, unbroken sentences. By unbroken means that the sentences are exceptionally long and complex, flowing continuously for pages. His writing creates a rhythm that captivates the readers.
His work so far suggests that even in this upside-down world, beauty and meaning exist if we try to find it. He is the kind of writer who turns chaos into poetry and despair into a spiritual journey.
Movies based on the works of László Krasznahorkai include adaptations of his novels like Satantango (1994) and Werckmeister Harmonies (2000) by director Béla Tarr, and screenplays he co-wrote for films such as Damnation (1988) and The Turin Horse (2011).
6) Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for their work on innovation-driven economic growth. Joel Mokyr is from the Netherlands and is an American-Israeli citizen, Philippe Aghion is from France, and Peter Howitt is from Canada.
Joel Mokyr received half of the prize for identifying the conditions necessary for sustainable development through technological progress. His research focuses on how continuous technological innovation is important to economic growth. He argues that sustainable development depends on a continuous cycle of linking scientific knowledge to practical application and on social factors.
Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt shared the remaining half for developing a mathematical model of “creative destruction”. His model shows how innovation promotes long-term economic growth by creating new technologies and businesses that replace old ones.
If you want to read more informative articles then you can read all my previous articles. If you want me to write any specific article as per your choice then please let me know in the comment box below.
“Stay connected, keep smiling!”
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]]>The post How to Improve My English Speaking Skills appeared first on StudyConcepts.
]]>We all want to present ourselves well to people in some way or the other. Whether it’s good looks, intelligence, or speaking skills. If you follow my methods and apply them to your speaking skills, your speaking style will sound impressive and you will appear confident.
Language is a medium through which we communicate with people. Nowadays, people consider speaking English a status symbol, which is absolutely wrong. Sometimes they even associate it with intelligence. There is a difference between having in-depth knowledge of any language and speaking that language fluently.
Being able to speak any language fluently does not indicate that you have a great knowledge of that language. We speak the language we hear the most, whether it’s Hindi, English, Spanish, German, or any other language. Speaking a language depends on where we live, what language the people around us speak, and not on intelligence.
1) Try to pronounce each word correctly:
Unless you pronounce the words correctly, you will never become a good speaker. The biggest mistake people make these days while speaking English is that they think that by using difficult words people will like their way of speaking English. However, difficult English words definitely add value to your speaking but it will sound good to people as long as you are getting the pronunciation right.
You can improve your English speaking skills not by using difficult English words, but by pronouncing each word clearly and correctly. I am not saying here that you should not use such difficult words, rather you should definitely use them. All I am saying is that if you want to use such words then make sure that you know its correct pronunciation. By difficult I mean words that are difficult to pronounce.
2) Try to add emotion and make sure to focus on full stops and commas:
What I mean by adding emotion is that when you are speaking English, if you convey emotions like happiness, sadness, love etc. to people through your words, it sounds very attractive. If you are just speaking without any emotion, it will not make your way of speaking sound good. Here by emotion I mean that your words should express your feelings.
Additionally, don’t ignore full stops and commas. If you’re simply speaking without any pauses, it means you’re not paying attention to full stops or commas. This indicates that your full attention is on the answer and not on the way you speak. When talking to someone or answering a question, add emotion to your words and pay special attention to full stops and commas. If you do this, the other person will like talking to you. By doing this, it shows you as a confident and good speaker.
3) Use idioms when speaking:
You can make your English speaking style impressive by using idioms in conversation. Here are two things you should keep in mind:
What I mean by the above points is that you should know very well which idiom to use where. So, use it wisely. Apart from this, you should use selective idioms in your conversation. If you don’t pay attention to this, your English won’t sound impressive at all. Rather, it will indicate that you know English, but you don’t know the correct way to speak it. Therefore, use idioms at the right place and use them only as much as necessary.
I’ve told you how to improve your English speaking skills. Now let’s learn some idioms.
1) Not my cup of yea:
It means something you don’t like or enjoy. You can also understand it this way, something doesn’t suit your taste or interest.
For example- If someone asks you, “Do you like eating pizza, do you like watching horror movies or web series?” If you don’t like any or all of these things, you can say, “That’s not my thing.”
2) The grass is greener on the other side:
It means that people often think that other people’s lives and situations are better than their own But when you actually experience those things, you realize that they also have their own problems. In short, people are never satisfied with their situation, they always think that other people are in a better situation.
For example – Suppose you’re rich, living a wonderful life, but feeling unhappy inside. A friend tells you that you’re so lucky to have everything in life. Since you are unhappy with your life, you can say, “The grass is always greener on the other side.”
3) What’s sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander:
This idiom means that what is acceptable to one person should also be acceptable to another, especially in the same situation. It’s all about equal treatment. If a rule works for one person, it should work for another person too.
For example- Anyone who argues in favor of gender equality, that is, they believe that the same rules, standards, and behaviors should apply to both men and women, may use this idiom. If you’re talking about fairness. In short, you think fair is fair. Rules and behavior should apply equally to everyone, you can use this idiom in this situation also.
4) Let the cat out of the bag:
This idiom means that someone told you a secret and you accidentally revealed his/her secret.
For example- Suppose you planned a surprise birthday party for your mom or you bought a surprise gift for your mom to give her on her birthday but accidentally your sister told this secret to your mom. Here you can use this idiom like this – “My sister let the cat out of the bag”.
5) Too many cooks spoil the soup:
This idiom means that when too many people are doing the same work, the end result is spoiled or ruined due to confusion, conflicting ideas and lack of clear direction.
For example- Let’s say you and your friends are working on the same project at school. Everyone’s different ideas and opinions can create a lot of confusion and ruin the project. Here you can say- “Too many cooks spoil the soup”.
If you want to know more about how to make your English more effective and trendy words, more idioms, then you can leave your comment in the comment box below.
“Stay connected, keep smiling!”
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